Bipolar Disorder
Understanding mood episodes, treatment and how to stay well
Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterised by significant mood swings — from episodes of mania or hypomania (elevated, overactive mood) to episodes of depression. It affects around 1–3% of the UK population and typically begins in late adolescence or early adulthood. With proper treatment, most people with bipolar disorder can manage their condition effectively.
What is bipolar disorder?
Bipolar disorder is not simply being moody or having good and bad days. The mood swings are extreme and can last for weeks or months. There are two main types: Bipolar I, which involves full manic episodes that can be severe enough to require hospitalisation; and Bipolar II, which involves less severe episodes of elevated mood called hypomania, alongside depressive episodes. There are also other forms including cyclothymia (milder mood fluctuations) and mixed states.
Recognising the episodes
During a manic episode, a person may feel extremely happy, full of energy, have racing thoughts, need very little sleep, spend money excessively or take risks they normally would not. They may also become irritable and engage in reckless behaviour. During a depressive episode, they may feel low, hopeless, unable to get out of bed, lose interest in things they normally enjoy, and in some cases have thoughts of suicide. Mixed states — where features of both mania and depression occur simultaneously — carry a particularly high risk of self-harm.
Treatment options
Treatment for bipolar disorder usually involves a combination of medications and psychological therapies. Mood stabilisers are the cornerstone of long-term treatment — these help prevent both manic and depressive episodes. Psychological therapies — particularly CBT adapted for bipolar disorder — and psychoeducation (learning about the condition) are also highly effective. Regular routines, adequate sleep and avoiding alcohol and drugs are essential for maintaining stability.
Planning for a good life with bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition for most people, but it is very manageable with the right support. Many people with bipolar disorder lead fulfilling, productive lives. Never stop mood stabiliser medication without medical guidance — this is one of the most common triggers for relapse. Advance planning — writing down preferences for treatment during an episode — is something your care team can help you put in place. All content has been prepared following careful evaluation of current guidelines on bipolar disorder management.