Dementia
Understanding memory loss, types of dementia and what support is available
Dementia is not a single disease but a collection of symptoms caused by damage to the brain. It affects memory, thinking, language and the ability to carry out everyday activities. It is not a normal part of ageing. Around 900,000 people in the UK are living with dementia, and this number is expected to rise to 1.6 million by 2040.
Types of dementia
Alzheimer's disease is the most common type, accounting for around two thirds of all cases. It causes a gradual decline in memory, language and reasoning. Vascular dementia, the second most common type, is caused by problems with blood supply to the brain — often following a stroke or series of mini-strokes. Lewy body dementia causes fluctuating confusion, visual hallucinations and movement problems similar to Parkinson's. Frontotemporal dementia primarily affects personality, behaviour and language.
Early signs to look out for
Forgetting recent events or conversations, getting lost in familiar places, struggling with everyday tasks such as managing money or using appliances, difficulty finding the right words, and changes in mood or personality are all potential early signs of dementia. It is important to see a GP if you or someone you care about is experiencing these symptoms — early diagnosis allows for earlier treatment, support and planning.
Diagnosis and assessment
If dementia is suspected, the GP will perform an initial assessment including memory tests and blood tests to rule out other causes of cognitive decline such as thyroid problems, vitamin B12 deficiency or depression. A referral to a Memory Assessment Service will usually follow for specialist assessment, which may include brain scans. A clear diagnosis is important as different types of dementia require different management approaches.
Treatment and management
While there is currently no cure for most types of dementia, medications can help manage symptoms and slow decline in some cases. For Alzheimer's disease, drugs called acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can help maintain memory and function. Alongside medication, activities such as cognitive stimulation therapy, music therapy and reminiscence work have been shown to improve wellbeing. Non-medical approaches — including maintaining routine, social engagement and meaningful activity — are equally important.
Living well with dementia and supporting carers
A diagnosis of dementia is life-changing — for the person diagnosed and for their family. However, with the right support, many people live well with dementia for many years. Planning ahead while the person still has capacity — including putting a Lasting Power of Attorney in place and making advance care decisions — is one of the most important steps to take early. The Alzheimer's Society, Dementia UK and Admiral Nurses provide outstanding support. All information in this article has been prepared following careful evaluation of current national dementia guidelines.