Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease)
From gingivitis to periodontitis — prevention, treatment, and systemic links
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the gums and supporting structures of the teeth. It ranges from reversible gingivitis to irreversible periodontitis with bone loss, and is a leading cause of tooth loss in adults. It has bidirectional links with systemic conditions including diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
What is Gum Disease?
Periodontal disease is an infection of the gums and the structures supporting the teeth, caused by a build-up of plaque bacteria. It starts as gingivitis — red, swollen gums that bleed easily — and can progress to more serious gum disease if not treated. It is one of the leading causes of tooth loss in adults.
What Are the Risk Factors?
Smoking is the biggest modifiable risk factor for gum disease, and it can also mask early warning signs such as bleeding. Poorly controlled diabetes and some medications can also make gum disease worse. Gum disease has been linked to systemic conditions including heart disease and complications in pregnancy.
How Is It Managed?
The main treatment is professional cleaning by a dentist or hygienist to remove plaque and tartar from below the gumline. Good daily brushing and cleaning between the teeth is essential to maintain healthy gums at home. Smoking cessation and controlling blood sugar in diabetes are also key to successful treatment outcomes.