Dry Mouth (Xerostomia)
Causes, consequences, and management of reduced salivary flow
Xerostomia — dry mouth — is the subjective sensation of insufficient saliva, often caused by reduced salivary flow. It is common in older adults and is a frequent side effect of many medicines. Without adequate saliva, patients face significantly increased risks of dental caries, oral candidiasis, difficulties with swallowing and speech, and reduced quality of life.
What is Dry Mouth?
Dry mouth, known medically as xerostomia, is the sensation of having too little saliva in the mouth. Saliva is essential for comfortable eating and speaking, protecting teeth from decay, and keeping the mouth healthy. It is a very common condition, particularly in older adults.
What Causes It?
The most common cause is a side effect of medication — many medicines including antidepressants, antihistamines, and water tablets can reduce saliva production. Other causes include dehydration, mouth breathing, radiotherapy to the head or neck, and conditions such as Sjögren's syndrome. A pharmacist or GP can review medications if dry mouth is a persistent problem.
What Can Help?
Sipping water regularly, chewing sugar-free gum, and using saliva substitute sprays or gels can provide relief. Alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco all worsen dry mouth and should be avoided. Because dry mouth increases the risk of tooth decay, good oral hygiene and regular dental visits are especially important.